How is machinability primarily affected?

Machinability is primarily affected by the hardness of the material being machined. Hardness is a critical factor because it influences how easily a material can be cut, shaped, or finished using machining processes. When a material is hard, it requires more force and energy to be removed, which can lead to tool wear and affect the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the machining operation.

Additionally, harder materials may also generate more heat during cutting, which can further impact tool wear and the quality of the finished product. Therefore, understanding the hardness of a material helps in determining the appropriate cutting speeds, feeds, and tools to use, ultimately improving the overall machinability. This is essential for achieving the desired surface finish and ensuring the longevity of cutting tools used in the manufacturing process.